Main Carriage
Subject
The subject of a sentence is the animate or inanimate entity that performs the action or undergoes the process denoted by the verb. If the sentence denotes a state rather than an action, the subject is what the predicate (verb, adjective or copula phrase) describes. Subjects are marked by ga particle.
・今夜は月がきれいですね
・さっき田中さんが来ましたよ
・The moon is beautiful tonight
・Mr/Ms Tanaka came just a little while ago
Object
Direct object
Direct objects are nouns and pronouns that are directly affected by the action of the verb. They are usually marked by o particle.
・私は友達にワインをあげた
・I gave my friend a bottle of wine
Indirect object
Indirect objects are nouns and pronouns to which/whom an action is directed. They are generally marked by ni particle.
・私は友達にワインをあげた
・I gave my friend a bottle of wine
Particles
Particles are short functional words that are attached to nouns and indicates its grammatical role.
① Case Particles
Short functional words that indicates if the noun is the subject, object, indirect object or as noun modifier
が ⇢ Subject
を ⇢ Object
に ⇢ Indirect Object
の ⇢ Noun Affiliation
・猫がいる
・手をさげる
・週末におじいちゃんに会いに行こうよ
・帰りの切符は買ったの?
・There is a cat
・Put your hands down
・Let's visit my grandpa this weekend
・Did you buy a return ticket?
② Post Position Particles
Short functional words that follows a noun/pronoun expressing concepts such as time, manner, and location
で ⇢ at, in (place of action)
で ⇢ by, with (means)
に ⇢ at, to, for
と ⇢ with
へ ⇢ to
・居酒屋でビールを飲む
・新幹線で京都に行こう
・新宿に行きます
・家族と公園にいく
・北海道へ行く
・Drinking beer at Izakaya
・Let's go to Kyoto by Shinkansen
・I'm going to Shinjuku
・I am ging to the park with my family
・I'm going to Hokkaido
から ⇢ from
まで ⇢ until
・ここから出よう
・このバスは嵐山駅まで行く
・Let's go out from here
・This bus goes until Arashiyama Station
③ Conjunctive Particles
Short functional words that connect two or more clauses
と ⇢ and
が ⇢ but
し ⇢ and
・私は英語と日本語を話す
・ビーりは飲むが酒は飲まない
・日本はきれいだし好きです
・I speak English and Japanese
・I drink beer but but don't drink sake
・Japan is clean and so I like it
けど ⇢ but
から ⇢ because
のに ⇢ although
・申し訳ないけど長居できないんですよ
・赤ん坊は今空腹だから泣いている
・彼は若いのにしっかりしてるね
・I'm sorry, but I can't stay long
・The baby is crying because it's hungry now
・Although he is young, he is responsible
④ Sentence Final Particles
Short functional words that are attached to the end of an utterance and convey various speaker sentiments and attitudes
ね ⇢ confirmation, agreement
よ ⇢ conviction, assertion
よ ⇢ soften warning, command, request
か ⇢ interrogative
わ ⇢ weak assertive, volition
ぞ ⇢ unswayed judgement, indicates command
ぜ ⇢ unswayed judgement
さ ⇢ mark assertion, surprise
の ⇢ informal question
・読んでくださいね
・とても面白いですよ
・読めよ
・行きますか
・この部屋はちさいわ
・いくぞ
・この魚旨いぜ
・僕も日本語が話せるさ
・わからないの?
・Please read it
・It's very interesting
・Read it
・Are you going?
・This room is small
・Let’s go
・This fish is tasty
・I can also speak Japanese
・Understand?
Demonstratives
Demonstratives are words that indicate entities to which a speaker is referring.
ko
kore this・this one
korera these・these ones
kono (+noun) this (noun)
koko here・this place
kochira this way・this direction
kouiu (+noun) such・this sort of・like this (noun)
konna (+noun) such・this sort of・like this・this kind of (noun)
konoyouna (+noun) such・this sort of・like this・this kind of (noun)
konnani this (much)・to this degree・like this・in this way
konoyouni in this manner・in this way・like this
kou in this way・thus・such
・これは本です
・これを見てくれ
・このペンは誰のです
・この雨の中を歩いてきたのですか
・ここから消えてくれ
・ここが私の通った学校だ
・ここまでは追ってこないだろう
・こちらへどうぞ
・こちらを向いてください
・こういうこと
・こういうふうにやるとうまくいくよ
・こんな大雪は珍しい
・こんな気持ちになったのは初めてだ
・このような話をどこかで聞いたことがある
・昔の夏はこんなに暑くなかった
・山手線がこんなに遅れることは珍しい
・このようにやってごらんなさい
・ラケットはこう持ってください
・いいかい, 説明書にこう書いてある
・This is a book
・Look at this
・Whose pen is this?
・Have you walked in this rain?
・Get out of here
・This is the school I went to
・They won't follow us this far
・This way, please
・Please turn around
・Things like this
・If you do it like this, it works
・Such heavy snow is rare
・I've never felt like this before
・I've heard stories like this somewhere before
・It wasn't always this hot in the summer
・It's rare for the Yamanote Line to be this late
・Try it this way
・Hold your racquet like this
・Listen! This is what it says in the explanation
so
sore that・that one
sorera those・those ones
sono (+noun) that (noun)
soko there・that place
sochira that way・that direction
souiu (+noun) such・that sort of・like that (noun)
sonna (+noun) such・that sort of・like that・that kind of (noun)
sonoyouna (+noun) such・that sort of・like that・that kind of (noun)
sonnani that (much)・to that degree・like that・in that way
sonoyouni in that manner・in that way・like that
sou in that way・thus・such
・それ以前
・それ以後
・それについては後で述べる
・その意気だ
・それは僕がなくしたその時計だった
・そこが困ったところなんだよ
・そこから先は言わなくてもいい
・そこまでは考えなかった
・そちらのを見せてください
・今からそちらへ伺います
・そちらの様子はいかがですか
・そういう場合には
・若者には時々そういうことがあるんだけど
・そういうわけさ
・そんなことを言ったら誤解されるよ
・そんな自分がつくづくいやになる
・そんなつもりじゃなかったんだ
・そんなに使ったのか
・そんなに寒くない
・ほんとにそうなんですか
・そう考えると
・わかりました.そうします
・そう言われればそんな気がしてきた
・Before that
・After that
・We'll talk about that later
・That's the spirit!
・It was that watch I lost
・That's where the trouble lies
・You don't have to tell me where to go from there
・I didn't think that far ahead
・Please show me that
・I'm on my way there now
・How are things going over there?
・In that case
・I mean, that's what happens sometimes with young people
・That's how it is
・You'll be misunderstood if you say that
・I hate myself for that.
・I didn't mean it like that
・You've spent that much?
・It's not that cold
・Is it really so?
・When you think about it
・I understand. I will do that
・That's what I thought when you said that
a
are there・that one there
arera those・those over there
ano (+noun) that (noun) over there
asoko over there・that place there
achira that way・that direction
auiu (+noun) such・that sort of・like that (noun)
anna (+noun) such・that sort of・like that・that kind of (noun)
anoyouna (+noun) such・that sort of・like that・that kind of (noun)
annani that (much)・to that degree・like that・in that way
anoyouni in that manner・in that way・like that
aa in that way・thus・such
・あれが今度の市長です
・あれは何の音だろう
・あれは何ですか
・あの山は何という山ですか
・あの後ずっと
・あの話はどうなってる?
・あそこまで競走しよう
・あそこのラーメン屋に入ろう
・普通あそこまで言わないよ
・あちらに見える山
・あちらが新製品でございます
・あちらの気候は日本より厳しい
・あんな正直な人
・あんな美しい絵
・私はあんなに偉い人は見たことがない
・That's the new mayor
・What was that sound?
・What is that?
・What is that mountain called?
・After all that time
・What's that story?
・Let's race up there!
・Let's go to that noodle shop
・They don't usually say that much.
・The mountain you can see over there
・That's the new product!
・The climate there is harsher than in Japan
・Such an honest man
・Such a beautiful picture
・I've never seen anyone that so great in my life
do
dore which・which one
dorera which・which ones
dono (+noun) which (noun)
doko where・what place
dochira which way・which direction・which one
douiu (+noun) such what・what sort of・like what (noun)
donna (+noun) such what・what sort of・like what・what kind of (noun)
donoyouna (+noun) such what・what sort of・like what・what kind of (noun)
donnani how (much)・to what degree・like what・in what way・no matter how
donoyouni how・in what manner・in what way・like what
dou in what way・ how about・how・no matter how
・ジョッキは、大、中、小のどれがいいですか
・ビールは、ジョッキとボトルとどっちがいいですか
・どの車がいいですか
・どの部屋がいいですかか
・どこから来たの
・今日はどこからですか
・対戦相手はどこですか
・どちらへお出でですか
・光と音とどちらが速いか
・お国はどちらですか?
・どういう風に
・どういう訳で
・それはどういう訳ですか
・いったいこれはどういうこと?
・その人はどういう性格の人ですか
・どんな人ですか
・今日はどんな具合ですか
・子供にどんな本を読ませたらいいでしょうか
・どんなに金があっても
・どんなに勉強しても
・どうなさいましたか
・どうしたの
・どう考えてみても
・どう考えてみてもそれはおかしいよ
・Which one do you like a large, medium or small mug?
・Which one do you prefer a mug of beer or a bottle?
・Which car would you like to buy?
・Which room would you like?
・Where do you come from?
・Where do you come from today?
・Where are the opponents?
・Where are you going?
・Which is faster, light or sound?
・Where is your country?
・In what way?
・For what reason?
・What is the reason?
・What is this all about?
・What kind of person is he?
・What kind of person are you?
・How are you feeling today?
・What books should I read to my child?
・No matter how much money you have
・No matter how much you study
・How can I help you?
・What's the matter?
・No matter how you look at it
・No matter how you look at it, that's not right
Nouns
Noun
Nouns are words which denote people, animals, places, things, or concepts.
Japanese nouns doesn’t conjugate it change it’s form. In order to form a past tense, negative form or other forms, a copula is attach to it in order to suffice.
Forms
Noun (Plain Form - Non Past)
・hana ⇢ hana da
Noun (Polite Form - Non Past)
・hana ⇢ hana desu
Noun (Plain Form - Past)
・hana ⇢ hana datta
Noun (Polite Form - Past)
・hana ⇢ hana deshita
Noun (Plain Form - Negative)
・hana ⇢ hana ja nai
Noun (Polite Form - Negative)
・hana ⇢ hana dewa nai
・hana ⇢ hana dewa arimasen
Noun (Plain Form - Past Negative)
・hana ⇢ hana ja nakatta
Noun (Polite Form - Past Negative)
・hana ⇢ hana dewa nakatta
・hana ⇢ hana dewa arimasen deshita
Noun (Connective Form)
・hana ⇢ hana de
Noun(Connective Form - Negative)
・hana ⇢ hana ja nakute
・hana ⇢ hana dewa nakute
Pro-Nouns
A pronoun is a word that is used to replace a noun or noun phrase.
① First Person
watashiI,me
boku(M)I,me
ore(M)I,me
watakushiI,me
atashi(F)I,me
② Second Person
anatayou
kimiyou
③ Third Person
karehe,him
kanojoshe,her
ano hitohe,she,that person
Noun-Phrase
A noun phrase is a modified noun.
A word or groups of words that modifies a noun comes before the noun.
① Demonstratives + Noun Referencing a noun
⚭ kono/sono/ano/dono + Noun → this/that/which Noun
⚭ kouiu/souiu/auiu/douiu + Noun → this/that/what kind of Noun
⚭ konna/sonna/anna/donna + Noun → this/that/what kind of Noun
・この本
・あの学生
・こんな辞書
・その時
・This book
・That student
・This kind of dictionary
・At that time
② Specialized Noun modifying words Characterize a noun
⚭ arayuru + Noun → every possible Noun
⚭ iwayuru + Noun → so-called Noun
⚭ onaji + Noun → the same Noun
⚭ saru + Noun → the past/last Noun
・私たちはあらゆる問題を話しった
・彼はいわゆる立派な紳士だ
・同じ年の夫とは三円前に知り合った
・さる六月に私の姉は高校の教師と結婚した
・We have talked about all possible problems
・He's what we call a fine gentleman
・She met her husband of the same age three yen ago
・In June last year my sister married a high school teacher
③ Noun + Noun Affiliation/Characteristic/Apposition
⚭ Noun1 + no + Noun2 → Noun1’s Noun2/Noun2 of Noun1
・日本の山
・日本の政治
・最近の若者
・3時の電車に乗る
・ここの家の主人
・東京のアパートはとても高い
・Mountains of Japan
・Japan's politics
・Today's youth
・Catching the 3 o'clock train
・The owner of this house
・Flats in Tokyo are very expensive
④ Pronoun + Noun Possessing a noun
⚭ watashi/boku/ore + no + Noun → my Noun
⚭ watashitachi + no + Noun → our Noun
⚭ anata/kimi + no + Noun → your Noun
・私の車
・あなたの荷物
・私たちの家
・My car
・Your luggage
・Our home
⑤ Adjective(Proper) + Noun Describing a Noun
⚭ I-Adjective + Noun
・高い山
・新しい体験
・古い家屋
・High mountains
・New experiences
・Old houses
⑥ Adjective(Adjectival Noun) + Noun Describing a Noun
⚭ Na-Adjective + na + Noun
・きれいな山
・静かな朝
・柔軟な発想
・大変な問題
・Beautiful mountains
・A quiet morning
・Flexible thinking
・A serious problem
⑦ Adjective(Converted Adjectival Noun) + Noun Describing a Noun
⚭ Converted-Na-Adjective + (na) + Noun
・精神的な強さ
・理想的な男性
・政治的問題
・社会的責任
・Mental strength
・The ideal man
・Political issues
・Social Responsibility
⑧ Adjective(No Adjective) + Noun Describing a Noun
⚭ No-Adjective + no + Noun
・ピンクのフラミンゴ
・生のキノコ
・公の事実
・裸の真実
・本当の話
・最後の部分
・最初の出現
・Pink flamingos
・Raw mushrooms
・Public facts
・The naked truth
・The real story
・The last part
・First appearance
⑨ Adjective(No Adjective・Adjective-Stem・Adverbial Noun) + Noun Describing a Noun
⚭ No-Adjective + no + Noun
・近くのスーパー
・遠くの町
・多くの機種
・Nearby supermarkets
・A far away town
・Many models
⑩ Number + Counter + Noun Characterize a Noun
⚭ Number + Counter + no + Noun
・一つの地域
・レンズ一枚の価格
・One region
・Price per lens
⑪ Adverb + Noun Describing a Noun
⚭ Adverb-te + no + Noun
・全ての規制
・はじめての住居
・生まれて初めての体験だった
・All regulations
・Your first home
・It was the first time in my life
⑪ Adverb + Noun Describing a Noun
⚭ Adverb + (to) + shita + Noun
・ふとしたことから寺山修司をした
・しゃきっとした歯ごたえは暑い夏にも向く
・漠とした不安に襲われる
・By chance I got to know Shuji Terayama
・The crunchy texture is ideal for hot summer days
・I get vague anxiety
⑫ Onomatope + Noun (Onomatope as Noun Modifier) Describing a Noun
⚭ Onomatope + no/na + Noun
・ピカピカの靴
・パサパサの髪
・イライラの気持ち
・あつあつの食べ物
・Shiny shoes
・Dry hair
・Feelings of frustration
・Hot food
⑬ Noun + Particle + Noun Referencing a Noun
⚭ Noun + Particle + no + Noun
・先生からの手紙
・図書化での勉強
・駅までのバス
・Letter from the teacher
・Study in the library
・Bus to the station
⑭ Noun + Adjective/Verb + Noun Describing a Noun
⚭ Noun + ga/no + Adjective/Verb + Noun
・頭がいい人
・いい匂いがする魚
・説得力のあるコーチになるだろう
・背が高い女性が多くなっているのに対応したもの
・A smart person
・A fish that smells good
・He'll be a very convincing coach
・A response to the growing number of taller women
⑮ Relative Clause + Noun Providing information in relation to a Noun
⚭ Vta + Noun
・題した作品
・発達した筋肉
・安定した生活
・私が昨日見た山
・自立した証券会社は育たない
・A entitled work
・Developing muscles
・A stable life
・The mountain I saw yesterday
・No independent brokerage firm can grow
⑯ Internal sentences before compound particles (pre-nominal form) + Noun Providing information in relation to a Noun
⚭ Noun/Verb + Compound Particle + Noun
・日本語文法に関する論文
・この仕事をするに当たっての注意
・選手としての経歴はすごい
・このことについての大臣の考えは
・Articles in relation Japanese grammar
・Precautions for doing this job
・His career as a player is incredible
・The Minister's thoughts on this are..
⑰ Adverbial Clause + Noun Providing information in relation to a Noun
⚭ Clause-te + no + Noun
・お客さんあっての商売
・ザックを背負ってのベトナム一人旅
・それでも豊かさを求めての逃走は続く
・Customers are our business
・Traveling alone in Vietnam with a backpack
・Yet the flight to riches continues
⑱ Noun/Sentence toiu + Noun Providing information in relation to a Noun
⚭ Noun/Sentence + toiu + Noun → Noun named/called/that is Noun/Sentence
・富士山という山
・スズキという学生
・彼女の到着が一日遅れるという連絡が入った
・A mountain called Mt Fuji
・A student called Suzuki
・I was informed that her arrival would be delayed by one day
⑲ Sentence + Nominalizer Converting a sentence to a noun equivalent
⚭ Sentence + koto/no
・光子がピアノを弾いているのを聞いた
・よく休むことが必要です
・I heard Mitsuko playing the piano
・You need to rest well
⑳ Embedded Interrogative Sentences Providing information in relation to a Noun in a form of a question
⚭ Sentence + ka
・誰がそれをするかが問題だ
・読書がいかに大切かを教える必要がある
・It's just a question of who will do it
・We need to teach them how important reading is
㉑ Multiple Nouns Connecting Nouns
⚭ noun to noun (to) → Noun and Noun
⚭ noun ya noun (ya) → Noun, Noun among others
⚭ noun, noun, noun nado → Noun, Noun, Noun and etc
⚭ noun toka noun toka → Noun, Noun and so on
⚭ noun ka noun → Noun or Noun
⚭ noun, noun matawa noun→ Noun, Noun or Noun
・ぺんと本(と)
・寿司やラーメンやご飯(や)
・アメリカ,ドイツ,フランスなど
・天ぷらとかさしみとかうどんとか
・カタカナかひらがな(か)
・日本語,韓国語,または中国語
・Pen and book
・Sushi, ramen and rice
・USA, Germany, France, etc.
・Tempura, sashimi, udon...
・Katakana or Hiragana
Na-Adjectives
Na-Adjectives are adjectival nouns which describes other nouns and pronouns.
Structure
Na-Adjectives doesn’t conjugate it change it’s form. In order to form a past tense, negative form or other forms, a copula is attach to it in order to suffice.
Forms
Na-Adj (Plain Form - Non Past)
・genki ⇢ genki da
Na-Adj (Polite Form - Non Past)
・genki ⇢ genki desu
Na-Adj (Plain Form - Past)
・genki ⇢ genki datta
Na-Adj (Polite Form - Past)
・genki ⇢ genki deshita
Na-Adj (Plain Form - Negative)
・genki ⇢ genki ja nai
Na-Adj (Polite Form - Negative)
・genki ⇢ genki dewa nai
・genki ⇢ genki dewa arimasen
Na-Adj (Plain Form - Past Negative)
・genki ⇢ genki ja nakatta
Na-Adj (Polite Form - Past Negative)
・genki ⇢ genki dewa nakatta
・genki ⇢ genki dewa arimasen deshita
Na-Adj (Connective Form)
・genki ⇢ genki de
Na-Adj (Connective Form - Negative)
・genki ⇢ genki ja nakute
・genki ⇢ genki dewa nakute
Na-Adj (Adverbial Form)
・genki ⇢ genki ni
Na-Adj (Adjectival Form)
・genki ⇢ genki na
List
I-Adjectives
Adjectives are words that describe nouns and pronouns.
Structure
Forms
I-Adj (Plain Form - Non Past)
・yasui ⇢ yasui
I-Adj (Polite Form - Non Past)
・yasui ⇢ yasui desu
I-Adj (Plain Form - Past Tense)
・yasui ⇢ yasukatta
I-Adj (Polite Form - Past Tense)
・yasui ⇢ yasukatta desu
I-Adj (Plain Form - Negative)
・yasui ⇢ yasukunai
I-Adj (Polite Form - Negative)
・yasui ⇢ yasukunai desu
・yasui ⇢ yasukuarimasen
I-Adj (Plain Form - Past Negative)
・yasui ⇢ yasukunakatta
I-Adj (Polite Form - Past Negative)
・yasui ⇢ yasukunakatta desu
・yasui ⇢ yasukuarimasen deshita
I-Adj.ad (Adverbial Form)
・yasui ⇢ yasuku
I-Adj (Connective Form)
・yasui ⇢ yasukute
I-Adj (Connective Form - Negative)
・yasui ⇢ yasukunakute
I-Adj (Conditional Form - ba)
・yasui ⇢ yasukereba
I-Adj (Conditional Form - tara)
・yasui ⇢ yasukattara
I-Adj (Root)
・yasu
List
Adverbs
Adverbs are words that precede and modify verbs, adjectives, other adverbs, and even whole clauses.
Structure
① Adverbs Derivation
Adjective Stem ⇢ Adverb
・uma-i ⇢ uma-ku ◦ skillfully, well
・yasu-i ⇢ yasu-ku ◦ inexpensively, cheaply
・fuka-i ⇢ fuka-ku ◦ deeply, intimately
・haya-i ⇢ haya-ku ◦ early, soon, quickly
・sugo-i ⇢ sugo-ku ◦ awfully, very, immensely
・mijika-i ⇢ mijika-ku ◦ shortly, briefly
・kuwashi-i ⇢ kuwashi-ku ◦ in detail, fully
Na Adjective ⇢ Adverb
・kirei ⇢ kirei-ni ◦ neatly, carefully
・tokubetsu ⇢ tokubetsu-ni ◦ speacilly, particularlly
・taisetsu ⇢ taisetsu-ni ◦ carefully, with great care
No Adjective ⇢ Adverb
・hadaka ⇢ hadaka-de ◦ nakedly
Onomatope ⇢ Adverb
・chanto ⇢ chanto ◦ properly, deligently, exactly
・yoboyobo ⇢ yoboyobo ◦ shaky, unsteadily
・sukkari ⇢ sukkari ◦ completely, entirely
・yukkuri ⇢ yukkuri(to) ◦ slowly, leisurely
・pikapika ⇢ pikapika(to) ◦ sparkly
・furafura ⇢ furafura(to) ◦ shaky, unsteadily
Verbs ⇢ Adverb
・hajimeru ⇢ hajime-te ◦ first time
・kiwameru ⇢ kiwame-te ◦ extremely, exceedingly
・sugureru ⇢ sugure-te ◦ exceedingly
Verbs (Duplication) ⇢ Adverb
・osoreru ⇢ osoru-osoru ◦ timidly
・kawaru ⇢ kawaru-gawa ◦ in-turn
・miru ⇢ miru-miru ◦ as you look on
Nouns (Adverbial Nouns) ⇢ Adverb
These are used as an adeverb to express time
・ima ⇢ ima ◦ now
・kyou ⇢ kyou ◦ today
・kinou ⇢ kinou ◦ yesterday
・ashita ⇢ ashita ◦ tomorrow
・asa ⇢ asa ◦ morning
・hiru ⇢ hiru ◦ noon
・yoru ⇢ yoru ◦ night
・haru ⇢ haru ◦ spring
・natsu ⇢ natsu ◦ summer
・aki ⇢ aki ◦ autumn
・fuyu ⇢ fuyu ◦ winter
・mukashi ⇢ mukashi ◦ old times
Nouns/Verbs + Compound Particle (Pre-Verbal Form) ⇢ Adverbials
Modifies, describes or gives more information about the verb it’s closely connected
・日本の文化について話す
・年を取るにつれて記憶力が衰える
・To talk about Japanese culture
・As one grows old one's memory fails
Types
② Different types of Adverbs
Adverbs of Manner
Indicates the way some action is being performed
・kirei ⇢ kireini ◦ neatly
・sukkari ⇢ sukkari ◦ completely
・yukkuri ⇢ yukkuri ◦ well
・massugu ⇢ massugu ◦ straightly
・choudo ⇢ choudo ◦ exactly
・hakkiri ⇢ hakkiri ◦ clearly
・mattaku ⇢ mattaku ◦ really
・chanto ⇢ chanto ◦ properly
・kichinto ⇢ kichinto ◦ accurately
・buji ni ⇢ buji ni ◦ safely
・sassoku ⇢ sassoku ◦ immediately
Adverbs of Degree
Indicates the degree to which the word it modifies
・motto ⇢ motto ◦ more, even more, further
・mottomo ⇢ mottomo ◦ extremely, most
・ichiban ⇢ ichiban ◦ most, number one
・daibu ⇢ daibu ◦ pretty, considerably
・hijouni ⇢ hijouni ◦ very, extremely
・hotondo ⇢ hotondo ◦ almost, mostly
・issai ⇢ issai ◦ entirety, (not) at all, never
・jitsuni ⇢ jitsuni ◦ really/very clever
・kanari ⇢ kanari ◦ considerably, fairly
・kekkou ⇢ kekkou ◦ quite, fairly, considerably
・kiwamete ⇢ kiwamete ◦ extremely, exceedingly
・sukkari ⇢ sukkari ◦ completely, entirely
・taihen ⇢ taihen ◦ very, greatly, terribly
・totemo ⇢ totemo ◦ very, exceedingly
・sugoku ⇢ sugoku ◦ very, immensely
・takusan ⇢ takusan ◦ a lot, sufficiently
・ooini ⇢ ooini ◦ a lot, much, greatly
・wazukani ⇢ wazukani ◦ a little, slightly
・zuibun ⇢ zuibun ◦ very, etremely, terribly
・sukoshi ⇢ sukoshi ◦ a little, a few
・amari-nai⇢ amari-nai ◦ (not) very much
・zenzen ⇢ zenzen ◦ (not) at all
・nakanaka ⇢ nakanaka ◦ pretty, fairly
・maamaa ⇢ maamaa ◦ so-so
Adverbial Nouns of time and frequency
Indicates the time and frequency to which the word it modifies
・arakajime ⇢ arakajime ◦ beforehand, previously
・hajimeni ⇢ hajimeni ◦ firstly, first of all
・ima ⇢ ima ◦ now
・imanimo ⇢ imanimo ◦ any moment
・konoaida ⇢ kono aida ◦ the other day, lately
・konotokoro ⇢ kono tokoro ◦ lately, recently
・mada ⇢ mada ◦ still, as yet, only
・mamonaku ⇢ mamonaku ◦ soon, shortly, in a moment
・mareni ⇢ mareni ◦ rarely
・mata ⇢ mata ◦ again
・mou ⇢ mou ◦ already
・mukashi ⇢ mukashi ◦ in the past
・saigoni ⇢ saigoni ◦ finally
・saikin ⇢ saikin ◦ recently
・saishoni ⇢ saishoni ◦ first, onset
・sakini ⇢ sakini ◦ ahead (of), first
・sakihodo ⇢ sakihodo ◦ a while ago
・sakki ⇢ sakki ◦ a moment ago
・suguni ⇢ suguni ◦ immediately
・sukoshi ⇢ sukoshi ◦ a little, a bit
・tabitabi ⇢ tabitabi ◦ often
・shibashiba ⇢ shibashiba ◦ frequently
・shocchuu ⇢ shocchuu ◦ always, frequently
・sudeni ⇢ sudeni ◦ already, too late
・tsugini ⇢ tsugini ◦ next to
・yoku ⇢ yoku ◦ often
・yagate ⇢ yagate ◦ shortly
・zutto ⇢ zutto ◦ all along, throughout
List
Onomatope
Onomatope is a word or group of words which have their meaning indicated by the sounds they mimic.
Inerrogatives

Nominalizer
Nominalization is the process of turning words/phrases into nouns/noun phrases that aren’t nouns.
The two nominalizers are no and koto.
① noto~・~ing・that
no is use when referring to
A specific instance of an activity
A concrete or direct action
A personal or familiar knowledge
A back referral
Using perception verbs
A specific instance of an activity
⚭ Vru/Vta + no
・来年日本へ行くのは田中さんです
・田中さんが日本へ行くのは来年です
・この手紙を書いたのは誰?
・It is Mr.Tanaka will go to Japan next year
・It is next year that Mr.Tanaka will go to Japan
・Who wrote this letter?
A concrete or direct action
⚭ Vru + no
・これを持ち上げるのを手伝ってくれ
・お母さんが晩御飯を作るのを手伝う
・彼女が化粧するのを待つ
・彼女が買い物を終えるのを待っています
・子供がテレビを見るのが止めた
・友達が帰るのを止めた
・宿題をするの忘れた
・Help me to lift this
・I help my mom to cook dinner
・I wait for my girlfriend to put her make up on
・I'm waiting for her to finish her shopping
・I stopped my children from watching TV
・I stopped my friend to go home
・I forgot to do my homework
A personal/familiar knowledge
⚭ Vru + no
・田中さんは日本語を教えるのが上手です
・サッカーを見るのが好きです
・自転車に乗るのが嫌いです
・ピアノを弾くのが得意です
・ギターを弾くのが上手です
・お酒を飲むのが苦手です
・絵を描くのが下手です
・Tanaka-san is good at teaching Japanese
・I like to watch football
・I don't like to ride a bicycle
・I am good at playing the piano
・I am good at playing the guitar
・I am not good in drinking alcohol
・I am not good at drawing
A back referral
⚭ Vru + no
・日本語を話すのは難しいです
・運転するのは簡単です
・野球をするのは楽しいです
・漢字を覚えるのは面白くない
・こうやって振り返るのって面白いよね
・Speaking Japanese is difficult
・Driving is easy
・Playing baseball is fun
・Memorizing Kanji is not interesting
・Looking back like this is interesting
Using perception verbs
⚭ Vru + no
・彼が歩いているのを見た
・その人が私の財布を盗むのを見た
・僕はしずえが泳ぐのを見ていた
・白い車が走り去るのが見えた
・白い車が走り去るのが見えた
・田中さんがバイオリンを弾くのを聞いた
・音が崩れるのが聞こえます
・誰かが歌っているのが聞こえます
・家が揺れるのを感じた
・I saw him walking
・I saw that man steal my wallet
・I was watching Shizue swim
・I saw a white car drives off
・I heared Ms.Tanaka play the violin
・I hear a sound crumbling
・I hear someone singing
・I felt the house shake
② kototo~・~ing・that
koto is use when referring to
A abstract concept or thinking
A significant knowledge or concept
A notable experience
A decision
A potential or ability
A nominalized Engine
Following a grammatical pattern
A abstract concept or thinking
⚭ Vru + koto
・娘に早く就職させることを考えた
・日本語では一つの漢字にの読み方があることを習った
・I thought about getting my daughter a job as soon as possible
・I learnt that in Japanese there are different ways of reading a single kanji
A significant knowledge or concept
⚭ Vru + koto
・毎日練習すること(は/が)大切です
・漢字をを伝教すること(は/が)必要だ
・そんなことが可能なんだろうか
・It’s important to practice everyday
・Studying Kanji is necessary
・Is that really possible?
Following a grammatical pattern・A notable experience
⚭ Vta + koto ga aru
・日本に行ったことがあります
・寿司を食べたことがあります
・何度か日本食を食べたことがあります
・I have been to Japan
・I've eaten sushi
・I've eaten Japanese food a few times
Following a grammatical pattern・A potential or ability
⚭ Vru + koto ga dekiru
・日本語を話すことができる
・ギターを弾くことができる
・I can speak Japanese
・I can play a guitar
Following a grammatical pattern・A decision
⚭ Vru + koto ni suru
⚭ Vru + koto ni naru
⚭ Vru + koto ni kimeru
・私は来年小坂に転勤することになりました
・毎日漢字を十覚えることにしました
・彼は自分で行くことに決めた
・I has been decided that I will transfer to Kosaka next year
・I have decided to memorise ten kanji every day
・He decided to go by himself
Following a grammatical pattern・A nominalized Engine
⚭ .. + koto da/desu
・趣味は写真を撮ることです
・夢は世界中を旅行することです
・この料理の特色はいろいろな材料が入っていることです
・My hobby is taking photos
・My dream is to travel around the world
・The feature of this dish is that it contains various ingredients
Counters
Numbers
Numbers 1-10
・一 ichi
・二 ni
・三 san
・四 yon
・五 go
・六 roku
・七 nana/shichi
・八 hachi
・九 kyuu
・十 juu
Generic Counters
Counters 1-10
・ひとつ hitotsu
・ふたつ futatsu
・みっつ mittsu
・よっつ yottsu
・いつつ itsutsu
・むっつ muttsu
・ななつ nanatsu
・やっつ yatsu
・ここのつ kokonotsu
・とお too
Unit Counters
Time
・秒 byou ◦ seconds
・分 fun/pun/bun ◦ minutes
・月 kagetsu ◦ number of months
・月 tsuki ◦ number of months
・年 nen ◦ number of years
・時間 jikan ◦ number of hours
・週間 shuukan ◦ number of weeks
Numerical Value
・十 juu ◦ tens
・百 hyaku ◦ hundreds
・千 sen ◦ thousand
・万 man ◦ ten thousand
Percentage
・割 wari ◦ percent
Weight
・キロ kiro ◦ kilo
・グラム guramu ◦ gram
・ミリグラム miriguramu ◦ milligram
Distance
・メートル metoru ◦ meter
・センチ senchi ◦ centimeter
Volume
・リットル rittoru ◦ liter
Classifiers
Classification
・歳 sai ◦ age
・匹 piki/hiki/biki ◦ pets
・頭 tou ◦ big animals
・羽 wa ◦ birds
・冊 satsu ◦ books, album, magazine
・枚 mai ◦ flat things
・回 kai ◦ number of times
・階 kai ◦ building floors
・個 ko ◦ small objects, individual
・缶 kan ◦ cans
・本 pon/hon/bon ◦ cylindrical things
・人 jin/ri ◦ person
・名 mei ◦ person
・台 dai ◦ machines
・日 ka/nichi ◦ day
・月 gatsu ◦ month
・年 nen ◦ years
・席 seki ◦ numbers of seats
・段 fudan ◦ stairs, steps, drawers, layer
・時 ji ◦ o’clock
・点 ten ◦ points, mark
・杯 pai/hai/bai ◦ liquid in glasses, bowls
・倍 bai ◦ multiples, -fold as in “twofold"
・泊 haku/pąku ◦ night stay
・軒 ken ◦ buildings, houses
・番 ban ◦ number (ex. no. 2 - ni ban)
・課 ka ◦ chapter, lesson
・次 ji ◦ stage, order, times
Ordinals
Suffix 目 ◦ め ◦ is added to indicate order
・3 杯目 ◦ Third bowl
・3 回目 ◦ Third time
・1 軒目 ◦ First house/building
・4 個目 ◦ Fourth one
・2 人目 ◦ The second person
・一列目の席 ◦ The first row seat
・一番目の子 ◦ The first girl
・一つ目の信号 ◦ The first traffic light
・いくつ目の駅 ◦ The nth station (How many stations?)
Prefix 第 ◦ だい ◦ is added to indicate order
・第一課 ◦ The first chapter
・第二期 ◦ The second term
・第二段階 ◦ The second stage
・第一次産業 ◦ Primary industry
・第一次予防 ◦ Primary prevention
・第二次集団 ◦ Secondary group
・第二次製品 ◦ Secondary product
Adverbial Quantifiers
Adverbs
・多い ooi ◦ many
・少し sukoshi ◦ a few, a little
・ちょっと chotto ◦ a few, a little
・たくさん takusan ◦ a lot, plenty, many
Affixes
Prefix
A prefix is a short element that is attached to the beginning of a word to add an additional meaning to or to change the meaning of the word.
Suffix
A suffix is a short element that is attached to the end of a word to change the meaning of or to add an additional meaning to the word.



